The short version of prothymosin alpha fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-08-16 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Thymosin alpha 1 is a synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide first isolated in 1966 from thymosin fraction 5, a bovine thymus extract. Its chain begins with an acetylated serine residue and ends with asparagine. The native peptide carries a molecular mass near 3,108 daltons. Researchers classify it as an immunomodulatory agent rather than a hormone with a single endocrine target. Early work framed it as a thymus-derived factor that supports T-cell maturation. The synthetic form used in research and clinical products matches the natural sequence.
Immune signaling studies link thymosin alpha 1 to Toll-like receptor pathways, particularly TLR2 and TLR9, on dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Activation of these receptors promotes maturation of T cells and increases natural killer cell activity. The peptide shifts cytokine output toward a T helper 1 profile, raising interferon gamma and interleukin 2 while modulating interleukin 10. Whether these effects translate into clinical benefit for any specific disease remains a subject of debate. Reported outcomes vary across trials and populations.
Thymosin alpha 1 is approved as a medicine in several countries, including Italy and China, for indications such as chronic hepatitis B and as an immune adjuvant. It is not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as a therapeutic product. In research settings the peptide appears in studies of sepsis, vaccine response, and oncology support, often with mixed or inconclusive results. The evidence base is uneven, and reviews note that many trials were small. Regulatory status therefore differs widely between jurisdictions.
Several names appear in the literature for this peptide, including thymalfasin and the abbreviation T-alpha-1. Naming conventions differ among research articles, regulatory documents, and supplier catalogs, which complicates literature searches. Both synthetic and recombinant production routes yield a peptide with the same 28-residue sequence as the thymic isolate. Because the thymosin label also covers unrelated peptides, sources should be compared by sequence rather than by name alone.
The peptide occurs naturally in thymic tissue and has been detected in serum and other biological fluids. Reported concentrations are low, and reliable measurement generally requires immunoassay or mass spectrometry with an enrichment step. It is released from a larger precursor, prothymosin alpha, by proteolytic cleavage, although the enzymes involved are not fully characterized. Whether circulating levels reflect thymic output specifically remains an open question.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular mass | ≈3,108 Da | Synthetic 28-residue peptide |
| Amino acid count | 28 | N-terminal serine carries an acetyl group |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilized solid |
| Water solubility | Freely soluble | Dissolves in aqueous buffer |
| Common synonyms | Thymalfasin; Tα1 | Thymalfasin is the international nonproprietary name |
On 4–11 February 1945 leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union held the Yalta Conference where future arrangements regarding post-war Europe and Allied strategy against Japan in the Pacific were negotiated. They agreed that the boundaries of Germany as at 31 December 1937 would be chosen as demarcating German national territory from German-occupied territory; all German annexations after 1937 were automatically null. Subsequently, and into the 1970s, the West German state was to maintain that these 1937 boundaries continued to be 'valid in international law', although the Allies had already agreed amongst themselves that the territories east of the Oder–Neisse line must be transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union in any peace agreement. The conference agreed that post-war Germany, minus these transfers, would be divided into four occupation zones: a French Zone in the far west; a British Zone in the northwest; an American Zone in the south; and a Soviet Zone in the East. Berlin was separately divided into four zones. These divisions were not intended to dismember Germany, only to designate zones of administration.
==== MeSH D12.776.210.500.600 – myosins ==== MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.100 – myosin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.200 – myosin light chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.300 – myosin subfragments MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.465 – myosin type i MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470 – myosin type ii MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470.249 – cardiac myosins MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470.249.249 – atrial myosins MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470.249.500 – ventricular myosins MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470.374 – nonmuscle myosin type iia MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470.500 – nonmuscle myosin type iib MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470.750 – skeletal muscle myosins MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.470.875 – smooth muscle myosins
Piracetam is not a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb or other botanical, or dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake. Further, piracetam is not a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any such dietary ingredient. [...] Accordingly, these products are drugs, under section 201(g)(1)(C) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(C), because they are not foods and they are intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. Moreover, these products are new drugs as defined by section 201(p) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(p), because they are not generally recognized as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in their labeling.
Prometheus may create a problem in that, in accordance with the ruling in that case, "it may be said that such and such genes manufacture this protein in the same way they always did in a mammal, they produce the same product, and the genetic modification technology used is conventional, so that the steps of the process 'add nothing to the laws of nature that is not already present. If the argument prevailed in court, the process would also be ineligible for patent protection. This issue has not yet been decided in the courts.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Fistula formation and gallstone ileus ==== The inflammation of cholecystitis can lead to adhesions between the gallbladder and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly the duodenum. These adhesions can lead to the formation of direct connections between the gallbladder and gastrointestinal tract, called fistulas. With these direct connections, gallstones can pass from the gallbladder to the intestines. Gallstones can get trapped in the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly at the connection between the small and large intestines (ileocecal valve). When a gallstone gets trapped, it can lead to an intestinal obstruction, called gallstone ileus, leading to abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, and abdominal distension.
==== Liquid junction interface ==== This technique uses a stainless steel tee to mix separation electrolyte from CE capillary with make up liquid. The CE capillary and ESI needle are inserted through opposite sides of the tee and a narrow gap is maintained. The electrical contact is established by makeup liquid surrounding the junction between two capillaries. This system is easy to operate. However, the sensitivity is reduced and the mixing of two liquids could degrade separation. One of the kind of liquid junction interfaces is pressurized liquid junction, where pressure is applied to reservoir with makeup liquid. In this method dilution is less than in traditional liquid junction interface due to low flow rates (less than 200 nl/min). Besides, additional pressure prevents defocusing of the CE effluent and, as a result, resolution increases.
== Side effects == Side effects of selenium disulfide shampoo for dandruff appear to be infrequent. A randomized controlled trial of 100 people who received selenium disulfide reported side effects of itching or burning sensation of the scalp (3 people), eruption near the hairline (1 person), psoriasis (1 person), lightening or bleaching of hair color (2 people), orange staining of the scalp (1 person), and a chemical taste while shampooing (1 person). Selenium disulfide can cause discoloration of nails and light hair and can alter the color of hair dyes. Several scattered case reports of orange to red–brown scalp discoloration with selenium sulfide shampoo exist. The discoloration resolved shortly following discontinuation of selenium disulfide shampoo and its removal could be facilitated by lightly swabbing with isopropyl alcohol. Selenium disulfide may also discolor metallic jewellery. Case reports of temporary diffuse hair loss with selenium disulfide shampoo exist as well. Excessive environmental or occupational exposure to selenium has also been associated with hair loss and other adverse effects. However, hair loss has not been reported with topical selenium disulfide in several large studies. Selenium disulfide should not be applied to damaged skin as there is a risk of systemic absorption and associated toxicity. Systemic symptoms may include tremors, weakness, lethargy, lower abdominal pain, and occasional vomiting. These symptoms usually resolve within 10 days following exposure.
=== Angular momentum === For allowed decays, the net orbital angular momentum is zero, hence only spin quantum numbers are considered. The electron and antineutrino are fermions, spin-1/2 objects, therefore they may couple to total
=== Mast cell mediators === Mast cells contain secretory granules (also known as lysosome-related organelles) that hold and release pre-formed mediators. A unique, stimulus-specific set of mast cell mediators is released through degranulation following the activation of cell surface receptors on mast cells. In addition to such pre-formed mediators, mast cells can also secrete newly synthesized mediators in response to allergic and nonallergic triggers. Examples of mediators that are released into the extracellular environment include:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Historically, lorazepam is one of the "classical" benzodiazepines. Others include diazepam, clonazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam, flurazepam, bromazepam, and clorazepate. Lorazepam was introduced by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals in 1977 under the brand names Ativan and Temesta. The drug was developed by D.J. Richards, president of research. Wyeth's original patent on lorazepam is expired in the United States.
They also stated that on May 26, they had gone to the Ministry of Justice to file an official complaint against Filema Duarte, but the Ministry of Justice had rejected any claim that Filema Duarte was not the duly elected Grand Master of Cuba. They stated that a Ministry of Justice official named Miriam García, Director of the Office of Associations, had been interceding directly on behalf of Filema Duarte. On June 21, 2025, Kessel Linares was summoned to appear at the Infanta y Manglar Police Station, where he was interrogated and threatened with charges of disturbing the peace by a State Security officer with a violent reputation of the mistreatment of anti-government dissidents, Lieutenant Colonel Kenia María Morales Larrea.
compared four sterile wound-cleansing solutions (saline, Ringer's solution, Prontosan® and Octenisept®) using a wound coating model consisting of slides containing dried blood plasma or fibrin. The concentration of dissolved proteins was measured and the findings indicate that a surfactant containing solution (polyhexamethylene biguanide with betaine) (Prontosan®) was more effective than saline in removing the protein (adhered dried plasma or fibrin). The proteins in the antiseptic solution (Octenisept®) were denatured and became insoluble. The authors suggest this implies that the antiseptic solution is unsuitable as a 'general' wound cleanser and that its use should be restricted to infected wounds. In a double-blind, randomised, stratified, controlled, parallel-group study the influence of two antiseptics (octenidine, polyhexanide) versus a placebo of Ringer's solution on wound healing in a porcine model was conducted. Assessment of healing was recorded using planimetry and histopathology. At nine days post wounding, the octenidine-treated wounds demonstrated retarded contraction at significantly greater extent than placebo and polyhexanide. At days 18 and 28 the polyhexanide treated wounds supported contraction significantly more than placebo and octenidine. The polyhexanide treated wounds led to complete wound closure after 22.9 days, in comparison to the placebo octenidine treated wounds respectively, 24.1 days (p < 0.05) and 28.3 days (no statistical difference to placebo).
=== Tut's Egyptian Street Food === Tut's is a Canadian fast-casual restaurant chain that specializes in Egyptian street food, particularly sandwiches. The business was established in August 2020 with a flagship location in Downtown Toronto and has since expanded to multiple locations across Ontario. Tut's menu features modern adaptations of traditional Egyptian recipes, presented in a quick-service format.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a chain of 28 amino acids, with an acetyl group attached to the first serine residue. The synthetic version replicates this sequence. Its molecular mass is about 3,108 daltons.
It is usually described as an immunomodulatory peptide rather than a classic hormone. It acts on immune cells through receptor pathways. No single endocrine organ target defines its function.
Several countries, including Italy and China, allow it for specific indications. The FDA has not approved it as a drug in the United States. Availability depends on local regulation.
It is a 28-amino-acid peptide originally purified from a bovine thymic extract and later produced synthetically. It is studied mainly for its effects on immune cell function.